The Constitutional Monarchic Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia

Pepe Escobar cites it as an example "that every reality in Patagonia is interchangeable with a heroic, larger-than-life character" — In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin still rocks:

Think of French lawyer Orllie-Antoine de Tounens, who on November 1860 founded, under his authority, the Constitutional Monarchic Kingdom of Araucania, then annexed Patagonia. His title was King Orllie-Antoine I. He tried the trick twice more and eventually was jailed and deported out of Buenos Aires. When he died, the crown was inherited by his cousin, who without even moving from Europe conducted a lot of business to colonize "the new France". The Arauco-Patagonian throne even had its own flag, shield and currency - billing themselves as fierce defenders of indigenous peoples' rights. Even former US president Dwight Eisenhower was honored with a royal medal in 1966.

The Mapuche Nation (I once attended a Mapuche pow-wow in Chile) maintains a website of the kingdom's history — Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia. The kingdom was founded by the Indians themselves; "Le Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie a été fondé en 1860 par le indiens Mapuche dans le territoire occupé maintenant par les Républiques d'Argentine et du Chili" — Le Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie.